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Second Order Exponential Approximation

Syntax
# include "exp_2.hpp"   y = exp_2(x)

Purpose
This is a simple example algorithm that is used to demonstrate Algorithmic Differentiation (see exp_eps for a more complex example).

Mathematical Form
The exponential function can be defined by $$\exp (x) = 1 + x^1 / 1 ! + x^2 / 2 ! + \cdots$$ The second order approximation for the exponential function is $${\rm exp\_2} (x) = 1 + x + x^2 / 2$$

include
The include command in the syntax is relative to       cppad-yyyymmdd/introduction/exp_apx  where cppad-yyyymmdd is the distribution directory created during the beginning steps of the installation of CppAD.

x
The argument x has prototype       const Type &x  (see Type below). It specifies the point at which to evaluate the approximation for the second order exponential approximation.

y
The result y has prototype       Type y  It is the value of the exponential function approximation defined above.

Type
If u and v are Type objects and i is an int:
 Operation Result Type Description Type(i) Type construct object with value equal to i Type u = v Type construct u with value equal to v u * v Type result is value of $u * v$ u / v Type result is value of $u / v$ u + v Type result is value of $u + v$

Contents
 exp_2.hpp exp_2: Implementation exp_2.cpp exp_2: Test exp_2_for0 exp_2: Operation Sequence and Zero Order Forward Mode exp_2_for1 exp_2: First Order Forward Mode exp_2_rev1 exp_2: First Order Reverse Mode exp_2_for2 exp_2: Second Order Forward Mode exp_2_rev2 exp_2: Second Order Reverse Mode exp_2_cppad exp_2: CppAD Forward and Reverse Sweeps

Implementation
The file exp_2.hpp contains a C++ implementation of this function.

Test
The file exp_2.cpp contains a test of this implementation. It returns true for success and false for failure.

Exercises
1. Suppose that we make the call  double x = .1; double y = exp_2(x);  What is the value assigned to v1, v2, ... ,v5 in exp_2.hpp ?
2. Extend the routine exp_2.hpp to a routine exp_3.hpp that computes $$1 + x^2 / 2 ! + x^3 / 3 !$$ Do this in a way that only assigns one value to each variable (as exp_2 does).
3. Suppose that we make the call  double x = .5; double y = exp_3(x);  using exp_3 created in the previous problem. What is the value assigned to the new variables in exp_3 (variables that are in exp_3 and not in exp_2) ?

Input File: introduction/exp_2.hpp